taz activator tm 25659  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mentha rotundifolia , a Source of Amoebicidal Agents Against Naegleria fowleri

doi: 10.3390/ijms26189048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Flowchart of the M. rotundifolia leaves extraction using polarity gradient solvents. Antiparasitic activity was evaluated against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites. IC 50 : Concentration able to inhibit 50% of the growth of the tested parasite, expressed in µg/mL.

Article Snippet: The obtained extracts were evaluated for their amoebicidal activity against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites.

Techniques: Extraction, Activity Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mentha rotundifolia , a Source of Amoebicidal Agents Against Naegleria fowleri

doi: 10.3390/ijms26189048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Flowchart of antiprotozoal bio-guided fractionation of hexanes extract of M. rotundifolia against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808™ trophozoites. IC 50 : Concentration able to inhibit 50% of the growth of the tested parasite, expressed in µg/mL.

Article Snippet: The obtained extracts were evaluated for their amoebicidal activity against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites.

Techniques: Fractionation, Concentration Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mentha rotundifolia , a Source of Amoebicidal Agents Against Naegleria fowleri

doi: 10.3390/ijms26189048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Detection of chromatin condensation in N. fowleri trophozoites using Hoechst and propidium iodide staining. Chromatin condensation was assessed in N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808™ treated with compound 7 (panels D – F ) and N. fowleri ATCC ® 30215™ treated with compound 10 (panels M – O ), compared with the positive control amphotericin B (panels G – I and P – R , respectively) and untreated negative controls (panels A – C and J – L ). Arrows highlight areas with bright blue Hoechst fluorescence, corresponding to chromatin condensation, and red PI fluorescence, indicating loss of plasma membrane integrity. Cells were stained with Hoechst and propidium iodide, and images were acquired at 100× magnification using an EVOS™ M5000 microscope with DAPI, RFP, and overlay channels. Scale bar: 20 µm. Fluorescence intensity (arbitrary units) was quantified from three independent fields and analyzed using one-way ANOVA ( S , T ). Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3); * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001, indicating statistically significant differences versus the negative control.

Article Snippet: The obtained extracts were evaluated for their amoebicidal activity against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites.

Techniques: Staining, Positive Control, Fluorescence, Clinical Proteomics, Membrane, Microscopy, Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mentha rotundifolia , a Source of Amoebicidal Agents Against Naegleria fowleri

doi: 10.3390/ijms26189048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Assessment of plasma membrane integrity in N. fowleri trophozoites using SYTOX™ Green staining. Plasma membrane permeabilization was evaluated following treatment with the IC90 of compound 7 in N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808™ (panels C , D ), compound 10 in N. fowleri ATCC ® 30215™ (panels I , J ), and amphotericin B as a positive control (panels E , F , K , L ). Arrows highlight areas with strong green fluorescence, corresponding to cells that lost plasma membrane integrity. In contrast, negative controls (panels A , B , G , H ) showed no fluorescence, confirming intact membranes. Images were acquired at 100× magnification using the EVOS™ M5000 microscope with GFP and overlay channels. Scale bar: 20 µm. Quantification of SYTOX™ Green-positive cells is presented in panel ( M ). Data represent mean ± SD ( n = 3), analyzed by one-way ANOVA; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 versus negative control.

Article Snippet: The obtained extracts were evaluated for their amoebicidal activity against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Membrane, Staining, Positive Control, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mentha rotundifolia , a Source of Amoebicidal Agents Against Naegleria fowleri

doi: 10.3390/ijms26189048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of mitochondrial membrane potential in N. fowleri trophozoites using JC-1 dye. Representative fluorescence microscopy images show the effects of compound 7 on N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808™ (panels D – F ) and compound 10 on N. fowleri ATCC ® 30215™ (panels J – L ), compared with the positive control amphotericin B ( G – I and P – R , respectively) and untreated negative controls ( A – C and M – O ). Arrows indicate areas where JC-1 fluorescence shifts from red to green, reflecting a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Cells were stained with JC-1, and images were captured at 100× magnification using an EVOS™ M5000 microscope with RFP, GFP, and merged channels. Scale bar: 20 µm. Fluorescence intensity was quantified from three independent fields and analyzed by one-way ANOVA ( S ). Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3); * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; versus negative control.

Article Snippet: The obtained extracts were evaluated for their amoebicidal activity against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites.

Techniques: Membrane, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Positive Control, Staining, Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mentha rotundifolia , a Source of Amoebicidal Agents Against Naegleria fowleri

doi: 10.3390/ijms26189048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative ATP production measured in N. fowleri trophozoites by CellTiter-Glo ® assay. ATP levels were quantified following treatment with compounds 7 and 10 and compared to the negative control, which represents 100% ATP production in healthy, untreated cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA; **** p < 0.0001 versus negative control.

Article Snippet: The obtained extracts were evaluated for their amoebicidal activity against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites.

Techniques: Glo Assay, Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mentha rotundifolia , a Source of Amoebicidal Agents Against Naegleria fowleri

doi: 10.3390/ijms26189048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Detection of reactive oxygen species accumulation in N. fowleri trophozoites using CellROX™ Deep Red staining. ROS generation was assessed in N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808™ treated with compound 7 (panels C , D ) and N. fowleri ATCC ® 30215™ treated with compound 10 (panels G , H ), compared to amphotericin B as a positive control (panels E , F , K , L ) and untreated negative controls (panels A , B , I , J ). Arrows highlight regions with more intense red fluorescence, corresponding to regions of elevated ROS accumulation. Cells were stained with CellROX™ Deep Red and imaged at 100× magnification using the EVOS™ M5000 microscope with Cy5 and overlay channels. Scale bar: 20 µm. Fluorescence intensity (arbitrary units) was quantified from three independent fields and analyzed using one-way ANOVA ( M ). Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3); ns: non-significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; **** p < 0.0001 versus negative control.

Article Snippet: The obtained extracts were evaluated for their amoebicidal activity against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites.

Techniques: Staining, Positive Control, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Negative Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mentha rotundifolia , a Source of Amoebicidal Agents Against Naegleria fowleri

doi: 10.3390/ijms26189048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Visualization of autophagic vesicles in N. fowleri trophozoites. Autophagic activity was assessed by staining autophagic compartments with monodansylcadaverine (MDC), which selectively labels autophagic vesicles in treated cells ( C , D , G , H ). Untreated cells exhibit low blue fluorescence ( A , B , E , F ). Arrows indicate autophagosomes where the reagent accumulates, resulting in a more intense cyan-blue fluorescence. Images were captured using the EVOS™ M5000 microscope at 100× magnification with DAPI and overlay channels. Scale bar: 20 μm.

Article Snippet: The obtained extracts were evaluated for their amoebicidal activity against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Staining, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mentha rotundifolia , a Source of Amoebicidal Agents Against Naegleria fowleri

doi: 10.3390/ijms26189048

Figure Lengend Snippet: Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in N. fowleri trophozoites. Actin filaments were visualized using phalloidin-TRITC stained in orange/red ( B , E , H , K ), and nuclei were counterstained with DAPI emitting blue fluorescence ( A , D , G , J ) in N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808™ treated with compound 7 and N. fowleri ATCC ® 30215™ treated with compound 10 , Merge DAPI and TRITC Channels ( C , F , I , L ). Treatment with the IC 90 of compounds 7 and 10 resulted in reduced actin signal intensity and morphological alterations compared to untreated controls. Images were acquired using a Leica DMI4000 B confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) with LAS X software 3.5.5.19976, employing 405 nm and 532 nm lasers and a Leica HCX PL Apo 63× oil immersion objective. Scale bar: 5 μm.

Article Snippet: The obtained extracts were evaluated for their amoebicidal activity against N. fowleri ATCC ® 30808 TM trophozoites.

Techniques: Disruption, Staining, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Software